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A failure of imagination is a circumstance wherein something seemingly predictable (particularly from hindsight) and undesirable was not planned for. The field of epistemology studies knowledge and human understanding, and failures of understanding. Failure of imagination is related to unknown unknowns and black swan theory, used by Nassim Taleb in his 2007 book The Black Swan, describing unexpected or unpredicted incidents with significant negative impact, with Russell's teapot as counterpoint. == Intelligence failures of imagination and the 9/11 attacks == Failure of imagination is invoked as a reason that intelligence agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the NSA, failed to prevent the September 11 attacks. More generally, the concept may also apply to the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, neither of whom prevented the attacks. During the summer of 2003, after the now-declassified report about the September 11 attack, many government officials, such as Senator Bob Graham began to make criticisms that the September 11 attack might have easily been predicted and even prevented.〔(Mother Jones interview with Graham )〕 Following these criticisms, President Bush declassified the August 6, 2001 President's Daily Brief, ''Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US'', which indicated that hijackings might be one possible mode of attack.〔(National Security Archive )〕 After the attacks, representatives of the Bush administration claimed in early 2004 that "nobody could have imagined that ... hijackers would intentionally crash ... hijackers usually want to live."〔(White House briefing with Condoleezza Rice )〕 To the contrary, the apparently intentional crash of EgyptAir Flight 990 by its co-pilot on December 31, 1999,〔(NTSB report )〕 and a similar intentional crash of PSA Flight 1771 by a disgruntled former airline employee on December 7, 1987,〔(Answers.com report )〕 and especially the case of AFR 8969, offered precedents that indicated otherwise. Prior to the 9/11 attacks, a number of foreign nationals were taking pilot training in the U.S. and raised suspicion by being uninterested in learning how to land safely. The 9/11 Commission found that this failure to "connect the dots" and imagine what was being planned was an important contributing factor to the September 11 attacks, stating "the most important failure (the 9/11 attacks ) was one of imagination." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「failure of imagination」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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